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Digitized  by  the  Internet  Archive 
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https://archive.org/details/chicagodrainagecOOinge 


PRESS  OF  ANDREW  H.  KELLOGG, 
409-415  PEARL  STREET,  NEW  YORK. 


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THE  LIBRARY  ok  fHL 

THE  CHICAGO  DRAINAGE  CANAL.  j/\|^  j 

* ’ * UNIVERSITY  of  ILLINOIS 

THE  Chicago  Main  Drainage  Canal,  now  nearing  completion,  is  the  most  important  piece  of  engineering  work 
at  present  under  construction.  The  canal  will  be  for  the  purpose  of  relieving  the  city  of  Chicago,  and  a 
contiguous  territory,  known  as  the  “ Sanitary  District  of  Chicago,”  of  its  sewage,  and  it  is  also  to  be  used 
as  a Ship  Canal.  The  course  of  the  canal  is  through  the  Desplaines  Valley  in  a southwesterly  direction,  and  extends 
from  the  South  Branch  of  the  Chicago  River,  at  Robey  Street,  in  Chicago,  to  Lockport,  Will  County,  Illinois.  At 
this  point  will  be  located  “Controlling  Works”  for  regulating  the  discharge,  and  the  outflow,  after  passing  through 
a tail-race  to  the  Desplaines  River  at  Joliet,  follows  this  stream  to  the  Illinois  River  and  thence  to  the  Mississippi. 

Before  constructing  the  Main  Channel,  it  was  necessary  to  control  the  Desplaines  River,  which,  although  an 
insignificant  stream  at  ordinary  stage,  at  flood  times  reaches  a flow  of  800,000  cubic  feet  per  minute.  This  “ River 
Diversion  ” work  necessitated  the  excavation  of  13  miles  of  artificial  channel  parallel  to  the  Canal,  and  the  building 
of  19  miles  of  levee  from  the  spoil  of  both  channels.  This  work  was  accomplished  by  an  outlay  of  more  than 
$1,000,000. 

Through  the  rock  divisions  of  the  Canal,  the  specifications  require  that  the  side  walls  be  formed  by  channels 
made  in  one  to  three  cuts  by  Channeling  Machines,  and,  where  necessary,  walls  of  masonry  laid  in  cement  will  be 
built  upon  the  rock  surface  to  a height  of  five  feet  above  low  water  level  (1847)  of  Lake  Michigan.  Where  the 
excavation  is  wholly  through  earth,  the  banks  of  the  Canal  have  a two-to-one  slope,  no  masonry  being  used.  The 
grade  in  the  rock  sections  is  one  foot  in  20,000,  and  the  Canal  is  designed  for  an  ultimate  flow  of  600,000  cubic  feet  of 
water  per  minute,  providing  for  a future  population  of  3,000,000  people. 

The  expense  is  to  be  borne  by  the  people  of  the  “Sanitary  District,”  comprising  all  of  the  City  of  Chicago 
north  of  Eighty-seventh  Street,  together  with  some  43  square  miles  of  Cook  County  directly  benefited  by  the 
improvement.  The  population  of  the  district  is  about  1,750,000. 


i Evanston 


6 


ESTIMATED  COST. 


According  to  present  estimates,  it  will  cost  $27, 303, 216  to  complete  the  work,  which,  when  finished,  will 
be  35  miles  in  length,  and  will  necessitate  the  removal  of  39,972,762  cubic  yards  of  material.  In  the  “Rock 
Section”  of  the  Canal,  which  is  160  feet  wide  and  35  feet  deep,  12,071,668  cubic  yards  of  material  will  be 
channeled,  drilled,  and  blasted  out  of  solid  rock. 

This  is  a brief  outline  of  the  gigantic  enterprise,  and  the  ambitious  part  that  Ingersoll-Sergeant 
machinery  took  in  carrying  it  out  justifies  the  pride  with  which  we  present  this  little  volume.  It  illustrates 
the  progress  being  made  on  this  important  work,  and  incidentally  includes  some  of  the  Ingersoll-Sergeant 
machinery  in  operation. 

The  latest  summary  made  of  the  number  of  machines  furnished  to  contractors  and  in  use  on  the 
canal  gives  this  result  : 

34  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Channelers, 

129  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Rock  Drills, 

7 Ingersoll-Sergeant  Air  Compressors, 

making  in  all  170  machines  of  the  Ingersoll-Sergeant  make. 

INGERSOLL-SERGEANT  AIR  COMPRESSOR  PLANTS  ON  THE  CANAL. 

Contractors. 

Griffiths  & McDermott. 

Mason  & King. 

Mason,  Hoge  & King. 

Smith  & Eastman. 

Smith  & Eastman. 

Wright,  Meysenberg,  Sinclair  & Carry. 
5 


Section  1,  one  18"  X24"  Straight  Line, 

8,  one  18”  x 20^"  x 36"  Duplex  Corliss, 
11,  two  20"  x 24"  Straight  Lines, 

14,  one  20"  x 20"  x 36"  Duplex  Corliss, 

14,  one  16"  x 24"  Straight  Line, 

15,  one  16"  x 16^ " x 36"  Duplex  Corliss, 


96 1 245 


For  Removing  the  Glacial  Drift  and  Solid  Rock  the  best  devices  known  were  brought  into  use.  The 
machinery  equipment  employed  during  the  Summer  months  included  the  following  : 


Steam  shovels,  ......  33 

Steam  or  air  pumps,  ......  85 

Steam  or  air  drills,  ......  243 

Steam  or  air  hoists,  . . . . . .75 

Channelers,  .......  88 

Air  compressors,  . . . . . . .15 

Locomotives,  .......  27 


Cars,  ........  (700 

Dredges,  ........  27 

Grading  machines  ......  10 

Steam  towboats,  ....  5 

Dump  scows,  . . . . . . . 17 

Conveyors  of  excavated  material  (including  cantilevers, 

cableways,  portable  inclines,  and  derricks),  . • 62 


This  outfit  provided  for  the  three  divisions  of  work  : Excavating  earth  or  glacial  drift,  solid  rock, 
and  large  deposits  of  alluvium  and  other  semi-liquid  matter.  It  is  estimated  that  the  work  of  excavation 
on  the  Chicago  Canal  is  to  be  executed  for  less  than  one-half  of  the  expense  that  the  same  work  was  done 
for  on  the  Manchester  Canal. 


INGENIOUS  CONTRIVANCES. 


On  account  of  sharp  competition,  the  contracts  were  let  at  a low  figure,  and  to  realize  a profit  the  contractors 
were  obliged  to  employ  every  available  means  to  cheapen  the  cost  of  excavation. 

As  an  instance  of  the  ingenuity  displayed,  we  cite  a few  of  the  unique  arrangements  devised. 

Mr.  Jackson,  of  the  contracting  firm  on  section  10,  first  grasped  the  thought  which,  when  developed, 
produced  Brown’s  Cantilever  Hoist,  a balanced  steel  framed  truss,  342  feet  long,  which  reaches  over  the  canal 
opening,  and  across  a 50  foot  berme  and  over  a mountainous  spoil  bank,  whose  apex  may  be  90  feet  above 
the  ground.  This  machine,  with  clockwork  precision,  takes  away  about  600  cubic  yards  per  day. 

Another  efficient  device  for  handling  the  excavated  materials  is  the  Lidgerwood  Traveling  Cableway,  also 
developed  on  this  work.  It  consists  of  a main  wire  cable,  suspended  from  two  movable  towers  about  700  feet  apart, 
and  spanning  the  Canal,  berme,  and  spoil  bank.  At  the  base  of  one  of  the  towers  is  located  the  operating  mechanism. 


6 


Tipple  Inclines  used  on  Rock  Excavation,  Section  i. 
Griffiths  & McDermott  Construction  Company,  •Contractors. 


The  load  is  supported  from  a carriage  traveling  on  the  main  cable,  and  is  controlled  by  smaller  ropes  leading  to  the 
engine.  Five  hundred  cubic  yards  per  day  is  the  average  work  of  this  device. 

The  contractors  on  section  9 used  a combination  of  portable  derrick  and  movable  incline,  handling  500 
cubic  yards  per  day,  and  on  section  14  a novel  form  of  derrick,  having  two  booms  and  carrying  four  skips, 
disposed  of  about  the  same  quantity  of  material. 

The  lowest  price  on  the  “Ditch”  for  solid  rock  excavation  is  59  cents  per  cubic  yard.  This  is  on  section  15, 
where  specially  designed  steam  shovels  load  into  cars  the  broken  rock  thrown  out  by  the  blast.  Each  shovel 
handles  about  300  cubic  yards  per  day. 

The  alluvium  deposit  was  removed  by  Hydraulic  Dredges  of  different  designs.  The  top  soil  was  removed 
by  the  New  Era  Grader,  which  proved  to  be  a simple  and  efficient  device. 

Air  brakes  and  air  dumping  cars  were  used  in  connection  with  steam  shovels. 

On  sections  G and  H the  contractors  adopted  a new  conveyor  system.  A steam  shovel  deposits  into 
a granulator,  which  regularly  feeds  an  endless  belt.  This  is  carried  by  a light  steel  frame  attached  to  a 
long  truss  spanning  the  spoil  bank.  From  it  the  stream  of  earth  maybe  unloaded  at  any  point  by  an  adjustable  plow. 

Other  contractors  have  devised  an  ingenious  combination  of  steam  shovel  and  movable  incline.  They 
dig  the  clay  with  exceptionally  large  shovel  buckets,  and  deposit  it  into  eight  yard  cars,  which  are  hauled  up 
by  a cable  and  automatically  dumped. 


THE  LARGEST  CANAL  IN  THE  WORLD. 


SANITARY  CANAL  - CHICAGO  NORTH  SEA 


NORTH  SEA 

MANCHESTER  - AMSTERDAM  - 


COMPARATIVE  SECTIONS  OP  CANALS 


s 


The  cross  sections  of  the  Sanitary  Canal 
are  greater  than  either  the  Suez,  the  Man- 
chester, or  the  North*Sea  ship  canal. 

The  depth  of  22  feet  is  for  low  water, 
while  26  feet  is  the  depth  at  high  water,  and 
24^  the  mean  under  ordinary  conditions  of 
the  lake. 

We  are  indebted  to  the  Engineering  News  for 
courtesies  extended  in  the  compilation  of  this  book. 


Rock  Drilling  and  Loading  Broken  Rock  with  Steam  Shovel,  on  Section  15. 
Wright,  MlysenbeRG,  Sinclair  & Carry,  Contractors. 


THE  NICARAGUA  CANAL. 

It  has  been  predicted  that  the  Drainage  Canal,  with  the  opportunities  it  has  given  for  the  study  of 
canal  making,  has  become  an  object  lesson  for  the  investing  public  who  will  undertake  the  next  step  in  the 
world’s  progress,  the  building  of  the  Nicaragua  Canal.  With  the  machinery  used  on  the  Chicago  Canal,  and  the 
management  imbued  with  the  same  energy,  the  channel  connecting  the  Atlantic  and  Pacific  by  the  Nicaragua 
route  would  soon  be  effected,  and  thus  a grand  dream  of  commerce  would  be  realized. 

COMPRESSED  AIR. 

One  of  the  most  conspicuous  features  of  progress  on  the  canal  has  been  the  application  of  compressed  air 
for  power  purposes.  Examples  are  notable  in  operation  of  extensive  plants  on  the  line  of  the  canal,  where 
powerful  compressors  force  air  at  working  pressure  through  main  pipes  one  or  two  miles  long  on  the 
canal  bank,  and  distribute  it  to  the  rock  drills.  In  several  instances,  advantage  has  been  taken  of  its  pressure 
to  supply  power  to  operate  drainage  pumps  either  in  the  place,  of  or  in  addition  to  steam.  There  are  also 
many  instances  where  flexible  connections  are  made  to  the  main  air  pipe,  and  the  pressure  delivered  to  small 
hoisting  engines  that  stand  on  the  tail  tower  platform  of  the  movable  cableway  machines,  and  pull  them  along 
the  line  by  winding  up  on  tackles  anchored  in  advance. 

Following  the  experience  of  the  contractors  on  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  and  their  connection  with 
compressed  air  for  distributing  power  to  machinery  for  excavating  purposes,  it  is  worthy  of  note  that  Mr.  J.  B. 
McDonald,  the  contractor  who  was  awarded  the  Jerome  Park  Reservoir  contract  in  New  York,  has  adopted 
the  compressed  air  central  plant  system  as  being  the  most  economical,  efficient,  and  satisfactory  of  all 
methods.  Fie  has  recently  pxirchased  of  the  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drill  Company  a complete  plant  of  air 
compressing  machinery  to  be  installed  on  that  work. 

Another  notable  case  is  that  of  the  Anaconda  Mines  in  Montana.  The  plant  comprises  nine  air  com- 
pressors supplied  by  this  company,  and  used  to  operate  about  200  rock  drills  and  for  many  other  purposes. 


10 


The  Two 


Important  Implements  for  Rock  Excavation — Channeler  and  Drill — on  Section  g. 

7 Ingersoll-Sergeant  Channelers.  18  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills. 


Halverson,  Richards  & Co.,  Contractors. 


CHANNELING. 

The  application  of  the  channeling  process  for  canal  construction  was  first  intro- 
duced on  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal.  The  channeling  system  is  largely  used  in 
American  stone  quarries  for  the  purpose  of  aiding  the  quarrymen  in  producing 
dimension  stone  in  marketable  shape,  and  in  reducing  the  percentage  of  loss. 

On  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  deep  channels  are  cut  on  the  boundary  lines. 

These  channels  are  about  two  inches  in  width,  and  are  made  as  deep  as  the 

channeling  machine  will  admit,  that  is,  from  io  to  14  feet.  The  channeler  runs 
ahead  of  the  work  of  excavation,  the  cuts  being  made  first,  after  which  the 
intervening  rock  is  broken  by  blasting  in  the  usual  way. 

As  the  depth  of  the  canal  cut  is  about  35  feet,  it  was  found 
necessary  to  make  three  distinct  channels,  one  above  the  other,  and 

each  independent  of  the  other,  the  offset  being  only  about  8 inches. 

The  advantage  which  the  channeling  process  in  canal  construction  gives, 
is  a solid  bank  maintained  free  from  irregularities  and  weaknesses  pro- 
duced by  blasting.  Were  it  not  for  the  channeler,  it  would  be  neces- 
sary in  many  places  to  build  up  the  bank  of  the  canal  by  masonry  or 

otherwise.  The  smooth  wall  made  by  the  channeling  machine  facilitates 
the  flow  of  water,  lessening  the  friction.  The  excavation  requires  a 
--Inch  Track  Channf.ler  at  work  slightly  smaller  amount  of  explosive  because  of  the  release  lines  made 

on  thk  Canai..  by  the  channel  cut,  and  there  is  also  an  advantage  in  preventing  the 

claims  for  extra  work  which  might  otherwise  be  made  by  the  contractor,  the  rock  on  the  canal  being  paid  for  between 

the  channels.  It  is  usual  to  put  in  a row  of  about  18  holes  between  the  channels.  These  holes  are  about  two  inches 

in  diameter  and  12  feet  deep,  and  are  charged  with  40$  dynamite,  and  blasted  simultaneously,  throwing  down  the 
entire  bench,  and  breaking  it  up  into  pieces  varying  in  size  from  a brickbat  to  pieces  of  several  tons  weight. 


12 


Smith  & 


Double  Boom  Derricks,  and  Rock  Drilling,  on  Section  14. 

19  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills.  7 Ingersoll-Sergeant  Channf.lers. 

Eastman,  Contractors.  x 20"  x 20#"  x 36"  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Duplex  Corliss  Compressor. 


THE  ROCK  DRILL. 


The  Rock  Drill  is  another  application  of  improved  machinery  that 
promoted  the  work  of  rock  excavation  on  the  canal.  The  illustration 
printed  on  this  page  shows  an  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Rock  Drill  at  work. 
( )ne  hundred  and  twenty-nine  drills  of  this  make  have  been  employed  on 
the  work  up  to  date,  many  of  the  contractors  using  them  exclusively. 

Rock  Drills  are  of  inestimable  value  on  works  of  this  kind.  They 
make  possible  within  a short  period  commercial  enterprises  such  as  rail- 
road tunnels,  canals,  bridges,  buildings,  and  good  roads. 

While  other  projects  of  a similar  nature  were  being  talked  of 
the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal  was  completed,  and  the  rock  drill  was  one 
of  the  most  potent  factors  to  expedite  the  work. 


A RECORD. 

Lemont,  III.,  Aug.  9,  1895. 

The  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drill  Co.,  New  York,  N.  Y.  : 

Dear  Sirs  : We  have  had  in  use  on  our  work,  Section  8,  Chicago 
Drainage  Canal,  one  of  your  20  x 36  Air  Cylinders,  18  x 36  Steam  Cylinder 
Duplex  Compressors,  for  more  than  one  year,  and  have  had  no  delay 
or  stoppage  on  account  of  same  during  the  whole  time.  It  has  given 
entire  satisfaction.  During  the  months  of  June  and  July,  1894,  it  did 
the  drilling  for  the  excavation  of  147,085  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock,  and  furnished  power  for  the  pumps  on  two- 
thirds  of  the  work,  consuming  only  333.4  tons  of  Illinois  coal.  Yours  truly,  MASON  & KING, 


By  Rout.  I.  Mason. 


14 


Channeling  Scene  on  Section  g. — Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills  and  Channelers  were  used  exclusively  on  this  Section. 
Halverson,  Richards  & Co.,  Contractors, 


THE  CONTRACTORS  AND  THEIR  WORK. 

Section  7.  - GOOCH,  RINEHART  & CO.,  CONTRACTORS. 

Using  twelve  (12)  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills;  each  drill  makes  a daily  average  of  70  lineal  feet. 

Two  (2)  McMiler  Cantilevers,  each  employing  25  men  to  load  buckets  ; each  cantilever  removes  300  yards 
of  rock  per  day. 

Two  (2)  McMiler  Derricks ; 25  men  on  each  derrick  to  load  buckets  ; each  derrick  removes  400  yards  of 
rock  per  day. 

One  (t)  Lidgerwood  Cableway;  45  men  to  load  buckets,  nine  (9)  buckets;  each  cableway  removes  500  yards 
of  rock  per  day. 

This  section  uses  about  1 y2  pounds  of  powder  to  break  two  (2)  yards  rock,  or  ^ pound  powder  per  yard. 

Section  9.— HALVERSON,  RICHARDS  & CO.,  CONTRACTORS. 

.Seven  (7)  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Channelers  made  a daily  average  of  94  square  feet  for  each  machine,  for  seven 
months,  channeling  done  on  1st,  2d  and  3d  lifts;  all  cuts  12  feet  deep. 

Fifteen  (15)  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills  made  a daily  average  of  82  feet  each,  during  the  same  period. 

For  six  months,  ending  November  30,  1894,  this  section  broke  and  removed  380,400  cubic  yards  of  rock,  or 
an  average  of  63,400  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock  excavated  per  month.  This  makes  a total  of  191,880 
lineal  feet  of  holes  for  the  six  months,  which  is  almost  exactly  two  (2)  cubic  yards  of  rock  excavated 
per  one  lineal  foot  of  hole  drilled. 

Section  H.  ROSSER,  COLEMAN  & HOGE,  CONTRACTORS. 

Six  (6)  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills,  four  of  which  are  3^2  inch  cylinder,  and  do  all  bench  work.  These  four 
(4)  drills,  in  from  five  to  six  hours,  drill  sixteen  (16)  twelve  (12)  foot  holes  in  each  bench. 

Section  12.-  MASON,  HOGE  & KING,  CONTRACTORS. 

Seven  (7)  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills,  working  two  benches,  three  drills  on  each  bench,  and  one  (1)  drill  block 
holing,  put  in  eighteen  (18)  twelve  (12)  foot  holes  across  the  bench,  or  thirty-six  (36)  twelve  (12)  foot 


Ingersoll-Sergeant  18  x 20^  x 36  inch  Duplex  Corliss  Air  Compressor  Plant,  on  Section  8. 


Mason  & King,  Contractors. 


holes  in  all.  This  work  is  done  with  six  (6)  3 y2  inch  drills  in  from  six  (6)  to  eight  (8)  hours.  The 
holes  are  spaced  eight  feet  (8')  back  from  the  face  ; 350  pounds  of  powder  being  used  to  make  this 
blast  on  each  breast. 

The  average  output  of  rock  per  month  broken  on  this  section  with  the  above  drills  is  25,000  to  30,000 
cubic  yards. 

Two  (2)  Cantilevers;  three  men  required  to  operate  each  cantilever,  and  45  men  employed  loading  the 

buckets.  They  remove  an  average  of  300  buckets  to  each  cantilever  per  day;  yards  per  bucket; 

averaging  25,000  yards  per  month. 

Section  14.— SMITH  & EASTMAN,  CONTRACTORS. 

Seven  (7)  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Channelers  have  made  a daily  average  of  no  square  feet  of  channel  on  the  1st,  2d 
and  3d  lifts.  This  includes  all  the  time  lost  in  moving,  laying  track,  repairing,  etc. ; in  fact,  all  the  time 
for  which  the  men  who  operate  the  machines  are  paid. 

Nineteen  (19)  3%  inch  “E  26”  Sergeant  Drills  used  on  this  section.  They  work  their  benches  on  the  arc  of  a 
circle  so  as  to  bring  the  work  under  the  swing  of  the  derricks.  The  distance  around  this  arc  is  180  feet. 
In  this  they  put  in  27  twelve  foot  holes,  using  four  (4)  “E  26”  drills  on  each  bench  ; drilling  the  round 
of  27  holes  12  feet  deep  once  each  day.  In  19  days,  with  four  drills,  they  have  broken  15,000  cubic  yards 
of  rock.  The  holes  are  put  ‘in  eight  feet  from  the  face  ; 450  pounds  of  powder  is  used  in  blasting 
each  face.  It  requires  45  men  to  load  the  buckets  for  each  derrick,  which  will  remove  in  ten  hours 
steady  work  500  yards  of  rock. 

Section  15 —WRIGHT,  MEYSENBERG,  SINCLAIR  & CARRY,  CONTRACTORS. 

In  making  the  first  opening  along  the  west  side  of  the  “ Ditch,”  they  put  in  48  twelve  foot  holes,  on  a 
surface  of  30  feet  by  40  feet,  in  six  rows,  eight  holes  in  each  row.  This  round  of  holes  is  put  in 
each  day  with  five  3^2  inch  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drills,  each  drill  averaging  115^  lineal  feet  of  holes  per 

day.  In  blasting  the  above  round  of  holes  theyr  use  650  pounds  40  per  cent.  Foreite  Powder. 


View  of  Brown  Cantilever  Crane,  and  Working  Face  in  Rock  Excavation. 


INTERESTING  NOTES. 

As  a record  of  costs  in  the  consumption  of  fuel,  and  a guide  for  the  estimates  in  excavating  lock  fiom 
the  canal  by  means  of  improved  machinery,  we  have  a statement  from  .Section  8,  during  the  months  of  June 
and  July  of  1894,  which  is  a fair  example  : 

Cost  of  Illinois  Bituminous  coal  delivered  at  compressor  house,  per  ton,  ....  $'-7° 

Amount  of  coal  used, 

. , , £ $1566.78 

At  a total  cost  of,  ...••••••  ' 

Number  of  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock  excavated  during  the  same  period,  . . • • '47'°  5 

The  coal  used  per  cubic  yard  excavated  equaled  a trifle  more  than  . . • • 4/^  pounds 

Total  amount  of  coal  consumed  at  this  plant  from  February  1 to  June  30,  1895,  was  .'  C538>25°  pounds 

On  Section  9 for  six  months  of  1894,  the  daily  average  of  drills  was  82  lineal  feet.  Seven  channelers  made 

and  supplied  by  this  company  were  also  used.  The  daily  average  of  the  channelers  for  seven  months  of  1894 

was  94  square  feet  for  each  machine.  Channeling  is  the  first  work  done  after  the  surface  soil  is  removed. 

An  elevation  of  50  feet  at  Buffalo,  or  a depression  of  the  same  amount  at  Chicago,  would  reverse  the 

drainage,  and  make  the  four  upper  lakes  tributary  to  the  Mississippi  River.  . 

There  is  five  times  as  much  rock  excavation  in  this  work  as  there  was  in  the  whole  construction  of  the 

New  Croton  Aqueduct,  30  miles  long. 

If  the  whole  spoil  bank  of  rock  and  earth  from  Chicago's  great  canal  were  used  m building  pyramids,  a 

half  dozen  the  size  of  Cheops  would  rise  from  the  plain. 

Comparing  this  canal  with  other  great  canals,  we  have,  in  round  figures  . 

CANAI.S.  TOTAL  EXCAVATION. 

Chicago,  .....  40,000,000 

Corinth  Ship  Canal,  ....  11, 000, coo 

North  Sea  and  Baltic  Ship  Canal.  . • 67,000,000 

Manchester  Ship  Canal,  . ■ 48,000,000 


CANALS. 

Suez  Canal, 
Panama  Caual, 
Nicaragua  Canal, 


TOTAL  EXCAVATION. 

95. 000.  000 
200,000,000 

70.000. 000 


20 


Ingersoll-Sergeant  Channeler,  Section  14,  Chicago  Drainage  Canal. 


Mr.  Jobin,  Superintendent,  in  the  foreground, 


THE  MACHINERY,  AND  FORCE  EMPLOYED. 

The  average  consumption  of  dynamite  on  the  entire  line  of  the  work  amounted 
to  eight  (8)  tons  per  day. 

Regarding  the  number  of  men  employed  and  the  wages  paid,  we  quote  as 
follows  from  the  report  of  the  “Proceedings  of  the  Board  of  Trustees  ” of  August 
28,  ] 895  : 

“Powerful  machinery  for  digging  and  hoisting,  steam  shovels,  excavators, 
inclines,  conveyors,  derricks,  cantilevers,  cableways,  channelers , steam  drills , pumps, 
etc. , multiplied  the  effective  productiveness  of  human  labor,  so  that  the  contractors 
were  encouraged  to  pay  fair  wages  to  their  laborers,  mechanics,  and  artisans.  I he  men  work  by  the  hour,  and  arc 
not  hurried ; there  are  always  great  numbers  of  laborers  resting,  and  others  take  the  vacant  places  in  a sort  of  rotation, 
which  requires  as  much  as  a threefold  number  of  men  from  whom  to  fill  the  needed  average  working  force  for  each  day. 

Machinery  does  the  hardest  work  of  digging  and  shoveling,  and  horse  power  is  used  in  removing  the  top  soil, 
more  than  1,000  horses  and  mules  being  thus  employed.  The  work  done  by  hand  in  the  rock  sections  is  hard  on  men 
who  are  not  used  to  it.  The  rock  is  blasted  arid  then  broken,  so  that  it  can  be  thrown  into  iron  buckets,  or  loaded  on 
trucks  for  removal.  It  requires  strength,  endurance,  and  some  skill  to  handle  the  shattered  rock  of  all  sizes  so  as  to 
avoid  being  hurt,  or  hurting  somebody  else  through  carelessness  or  lack  of  skill  in  moving  the  stuff.  T.  he  work  lasts 
ten  hours  during  the  day  and  eleven  hours  at  night,  but  it  is  not  as  continuous  and  hurried  as  building 
operations  in  Chicago  are  conducted.  The  eight-hour  law  is  nullified  by  the  Supreme  Court  ; the  con- 
tractors could  not  arrange  for  three  shifts,  nor  do  the  laborers  ask  for  short  work.  The  masses  on  the 
channel  do  not  average  fifty  hours  a week  in  the  hard  work  of  digging  and  loading  in  the  rock  and 
earth,  and  only  a small  proportion  of  the  whole  number  of  laborers  keep  at  work  every  day  of  the 
week  or  month.  They  are  not  obliged  to  do  so,  and  it  is  not  their  habit  to  work  without  inter- 
ruption. Men  may  stop  work  at  any  time,  get  their  wages,  and  after  spending  them  go  to  work 


again  on  some  one  of  the  twenty-nine  sections  of  the  Drainage  Channel,  and  the  number  of  those  who 
work  but  part  of  the  time  is  so  large  that,  especially  after  pay-day,  it  is  difficult  to  make  up  a full  working  force  in 
the  channel.  This  sort  of  transient  workers  corresponds  with  the  floating  population  of  some  lodging-house 
localities  in  Chicago.  Laborers  of  different  nationalities  work  together  in  the  same  squad,  and  live  peaceably  in  the 
same  camp.  There  have  been  no  race  fights  among  them,  and  the  wages  of  laborers  are  the  same — American  for 
each  and  all,  namely:  A minimum  rate  of  15  cents  an  hour  for  common  labor,  and  fair  wages  for  mechanics  and 


engineers,  according  to  the  rates  which  are  customary  in  and  about  Chicago.  For  Summer  months  the 
working  force  was  employed  (more  or  less)  on  the  channel  by  the  contractors  on  all  sections  : 

following 

Superintendents 

45 

Channelers  ...... 

113 

Bookkeepers  (including  clerks) 

32 

Electricians  ...... 

n 

Foremen  and  Timekeepers 

280 

Machinists  ....... 

37 

Civil  engineers 

3 

Stone  masons  ...... 

too 

Steam  shovel  engineers 

73 

Carpenters  ....... 

101 

Crane  men 

73 

Helpers  ... 

17 

First  lever  men 

12 

Blacksmiths  ...... 

69 

Second  lever  men 

8 

Helpers  . . .... 

46 

First  hookers 

12 

Boilermakers  ...... 

12 

Second  hookers 

12 

Helpers  ...... 

7 

Riggers  ... 

9 

Oil  man  ....... 

1 

Cableway  repairers 

7 

Tool  man  ...... 

1 

Engineers  and  pumpmen  . 

240 

Water  men  and  boys  ..... 

50 

Firemen  . . 

275 

Teamsters  ..... 

450 

Trainmen  ... 

50 

Laborers  . . .... 

. 6, 000 

Drillers  .... 

Making  a grand  total, 

8,700  persons 

210 

directly  paid  in 

Commissary  employes  .... 

the  camps  of  the  Drainage  Channel. 

344 

The  wages  of  one  full  working  day  of  8,245  men  amounted  to  $14,150,  being  an  average  of  $1.71  per  man 

per  day. 


AUGUSTINE  W.  WRIGHT. 


0 W.  MEYSENBERG.  DONALD  SINCLAIR.  EDW.  I*.  CARRY. 

WRIGHT,  MEYSENBERG,  SINCLAIR  & CARRY, 

General  Contractors. 

Lockport,  III.,  December  3,  1893. 

Ingersoll  SERGEANi^I)Rhad 'used  Rock  Drills  with  such  good  results  on  our  previous  work  that  when  we 

enuioned  our  Chicago  Drainage  Canal  contract  we  decided  to  employ  your  machinery  exclusively. 

We  purchased  of  you  a Duplex  Corliss  Air  Compressor,  together  with  a number  ot  your  Rock  Drills  anc 
Channeling  Machines  • but,  before  we  had  ordered  all  of  our  drills,  such  extravagant  statements  were  made  to  us 
regard^g  the  performance  and  durability  of  another  make  of  drill,  that  we  decided  to  allow  it  to  run  in  compe- 
tition with  yours,  promising  to  buy  it  if  it  did  more  satisfactory  work,  and  probably  to  use  it  instead  of  yours 

for  6t^is  drpi  was  claimed  to  run  with  very  much  less  air  than  the  Ingersoll- Sergeant,  the  first  thing 

asked  for  by" the  runner  was  i%"  air  hose.  This  we  refused  to  furnish,  as  your  drills  were  doing  their  wo 
with  1"  hose  and  the  test  went  on,  both  drills  using  the  same  size  hose.  , 

It  is  sufficient  to  state  that  on  the  test,  which  lasted  about  two  weeks,  your  drill  came  out  ahead,  ^lthoug 
the  cylinder  of  the  other  drill  was  }i"  larger  diameter.  As  your  drill  did  more  work  with  less  repairs  than  the 
other' machine,  all  our  orders  placed  since  that  time  have  been  for  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Machines,  which  are  the 

only  drills  in  use  in  our  contract.  Yours  ^GHT  MEYSENBERG,  SINCLAIR  & CARRY. 

D.  Sinclair. 


The  test  referred  to  was  made  last  January.  We  give  you  below  the  record  of  the  number  of  feet  drilled 
by  each  machine  on  different  days  : 


January  16,  1895, 

“ ' 17,  1895  (half  day). 
“ 18,  1895, 

“ ig,  1895,  . 


Ingersoll. 
104  feet. 
48  “ 

80  “ 

1 18  “ 


Competing 
Drill. 
96  feet. 
42  “ 

80  “ 

102  “ 


January  29,  1895, 
“ 30.  1895, 

“ 31.  l895- 

February  1,  1895, 


Ingersoll. 
123  feet. 

97  “ 

96  “ 

136  “ 


Competing 
Drill. 
129  feet. 
108  “ 

90  “ 

106  “ 


24 


Ingersoll-Sergeant  16  x 16X  x 36  inch  Duplex  Corliss  Air  Compressor  Plant,  Section  15. 
Wright,  Ueysenberg,  Sinclair  &•  Carry  Contractors. 


CONTRACTORS'  PRICES  PER  CUBIC  YARD,  AND  AMOUNT  OF  EXCAVATION. 

SHOWING  NUMBER  OF  INGERSOLL-SERGEANT  CHANNELING  MACHINES  AND  ROCK  DRILLS  ON  EACH  SECTION. 


SECTION. 

NAME  OF  CONTRACTORS. 

INGERSOLL-SERGE 

CHANNELERS. 

r 

Griffiths  & McDermott, 

I 

2 

McArthur  Brothers, 

I 

4 

McArthur  Brothers, 

I 

5 

Qualey  Construction  Company, 

6 

Mason,  Hoge,  King  & Company, 

3 

Gooch,  Rinehart  & Company, 

4 

E.  L.  Smith, 

8 

Mason  & King, 

5 

9 

Halverson,  Richards  & Company, 

7 

1 1 

Rosser,  Coleman  & Hoge, 

1 1 

Locker,  Harder  & Williamson, 

1 

12 

Mason,  Hoge  & King, 

I 

12 

William  Bruce, 

12  and  13 

Dandridge  & Hanger, 

13 

WOOLFOLK,  [OPINSON  & COMER, 

13 

Garden  Brothers  & Smith, 

14 

Smith  & Eastman,  .... 

7 

15 

Wright,  Meysenberg,  Sinclair  & Carry, 

3 

34 

MACHINERY. 


DRILLS. 


AMOUNT  SOLID  ROCK 
EXCAVATION. 


CONTRACT  PRICE. 
SOLID  ROCK. 


5 

6 

10 

1 

3 

12  ) 

4 S' 

18 

6 I 
9 S 

11  ) 

2 S 

2 

5 

i 

19 
15 


536,024  cubic  yards. 

472,624 

359.677  “ 

531.261  “ 

888,219  “ 

1,163,315  “ 

1.005,416  “ 

942,907  “ 

1,000,500 

1,053,700  “ 

1,023,500 

639,700  “ 


80c.  per  cubic  yard. 
80c.  “ “ 

80c.  

72>^c.  

72^c.  “ “ 

74^c.  “ •• 

76.9c.  

79XC-  “ “ 

73C-  

74^c.  “ “ 

73C.  

59C-  


129 


The  work  began  September  3,  1892,  and  contracts  for  completion  expire  April  30,  1896.  The  rock 
formation  first  appeared  in  sections  3 and  4.  It  then  disappeared,  and  on  section  6 it  began  again,  and 
for  a distance  of  9 miles  is  a continuous  stratum  of  rock. 


26 


McMii.er  Derricks  and  Portable  Inclines,  Section  9. — Ingersoll-Sergeant  Machinery  used  exclusively  on  this  Section. 


Halverson,  Richards  & Co.,  Contractors. 


OF  KICK  OK 


SMITH  & EASTMAN. 


302  First  National  Bank  Building, 
Monroe  and  Dearborn  Sts. 


Chicago,  December  5,  1895. 

The  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drill  Co.,  Chicago,  III.: 

Gentlemen:  We  have  about  completed  the  excavation  of  Section  14  of  the  Chicago  Drainage  Canal,  and,  as 
we  have  used  your  machinery  entirely  on  this  contract,  we  feel  it  our  duty  to  give  you  a statement  of  the  satisfactory 
work  it  has  done  for  us. 

Our  rock  excavating  plant  includes  the  following  Ingersoll-Sergeant  machinery: 

1 Duplex  Corliss  Air  Compressor,  size  20"  x 20%"  x 36". 

7 Channeling  Machines. 

19  Rock  Drills. 

In  addition  to  the  Rock  Drills,  we  are  running,  by  compressed  air,  seven  (7)  pumps  and  three  (3)  blacksmith 

forges. 


For  the  seven  (7)  months  ending  October  31,  1895,  our  output  was  480,700  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock,  making 
an  average  of  68,700  cubic  yards  per  month,  and  during  the  months  of  April  and  May,  1895,  we  took  out  167,900 
cubic  yards  of  solid  rock,  to  remove  which  it  was  necessary  to  cut  about  56,000  square  feet  of  channel  and  drill 
about  84,000  lineal  feet  of  holes. 

We  are  very  glad  to  express  our  appreciation  of  the  good  work  done  by  your  machinery,  and  of  the  courteous 
treatment  received  from  your  company.  Yours,  respectfully, 

SMITH  & EASTMAN. 


Extract  from  proceedings  of  the  Board  of  Trustees,  Sanitary  District  of  Chicago,  June  26,  1895: 

“Sf.c.  14.  The  output  of  86,400  cubic  yards  of  solid  rock  in  April,  followed  by  one  of  81,500  cubic  yards  for 
May,  an  aggregate  of  167,900 — an  achievement  unparalleled  in  rock  excavation  from  a single  mile  section.” 


2S 


View  showing  Method  of  Rock  Excavation  by  Dump  Cars  and  Cable  Inclines,  Section  io. 


TABLES  SHOWING  COST  OF  OPERATING  CHANNELERS. 


SHOWING  WORK  OF  FIVE  INGERSOLL-SERGF.ANT  CHANNELERS  ON  SECTION  8,  AND  COST  OF 
OPERATING  THE  SAME  PER  DAY,  DURING  THE  MONTH  OF  MAY,  1894. 


DATElCHANNEI 

F.R  NO.  1. 

CHANNELER  NO.  2. 

CHANNELER  NO.  3. 

CHANNELER  NO.  4. 

CHANNELER  NO.  5. 

! Sq.  ft. 

Cost. 

Sq.  ft. 

Cost. 

Sq.  ft. 

Cost. 

Sq.  ft. 

Cost. 

Sq.  ft. 

Cost. 

1 i M3 

$11.25 

50 

$10.00 

”3 

$10.00 

122 

$".25 

150 

$8.75 

2 *33 

11.25 

1 1 8 

8.75 

75 

8.75 

137 

8 75 

x75 

8-75 

3 1 x49 

6.85 

75 

6.85 

75 

6.85 

III 

6.85 

149 

6.85 

4 180 

8-75 

75 

8.75 

1 12 

8-75 

146 

8.50 

175 

8-75 

5 ..  "3, 

8.75 

125 

6.25 

50 

6.25 

52 

8.75 

140 

6.25 

6 Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

•«7 

Sunday 

.87 

7 170 

8-75 

ng 

6.25 

75 

5.10 

120 

11.25 

IOO 

8-75 

8 150 

11.25 

112 

6.25 

50 

8.75 

135 

5 00 

140 

6.25 

Q 200 

8-75 

100 

8-75 

50 

1125 

50 

2.50 

7.10 

10  150 

8.13 

1 12 

2.70 

70 

4-65 

5.00 

IOO 

7.66 

11  150 

8.75 

*25 

6. 50 

90 

10.65 

6.25 

x75 

8.75 

12  ! 220 

8-75 

5o 

8.25 

112 

11.25 

6.25 

140 

I 1.25 

13  | Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

■87 

Sunday 

.87 

M 125 

8-75 

75 

8.87 

40 

6.25 

40 

6.25 

160 

8.75 

15  200 

8-75 

100 

6.25 

60 

8.75 

155 

8-75 

20 

2.50 

16  150 

11.25 

87 

6.25 

50 

875 

x34 

11.25 

l8o 

8-75 

17  ICO 

5-62 

87 

8-75 

50 

8-75 

'55 

5.62 

I40 

8-75 

'8  , 75 

8-75 

150 

5.62 

50 

5-37 

190 

8-75 

65 

5.62 

IQ  | ... 

4-95 

100 

8.87 

40 

6.25 

io5 

8-75 

175 

11.25 

20  Sunday 

3-57 

Sunday 

1.50 

Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

■87 

Sunday 

.87 

21  T75 

8-75 

IOO 

9-75 

8.75 

M5 

9.25 

150 

8-75 

22  .00 

1375 

I 12 

9-75 

8.75 

190 

J3-75 

l6o 

6.25 

-23  1 <80 

6.25 

60 

6.25 

8? 

6.25 

180 

6.25 

125 

6.25 

24  200 

11.25 

9.50 

140 

11.25 

175 

11.25 

175 

11.25 

25  *75 

8.75 

JOO 

8.75 

85 

11.25 

221 

11.25 

x5° 

8-75 

26  200 

8 75 

r,  x5° 

8.75 

140 

8.75 

153 

8-75 

65 

8-75 

27  Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

.s? 

Sunday 

.87 

Sunday 

.s? 

Sunday 

.87 

28  170 

8.75 

5° 

1 1.25 

157 

8.75 

200 

1 1.25 

122 

7-50 

29  125 

8-75 

112 

6.25 

105 

ii.  25 

141 

11.25 

160 

5-5° 

3°  *5° 

8-75 

112 

1 1.25 

120 

8.75 

M3 

8.75 

3X  | MS 

8.75 

IOO 

11.25 

210 

6.25 

125 

10.00 

5-5° 

Total  4,020 

$247.98 

2,556 

$220.77 

2,206 

$229.85 

3i325 

$234-95 

3,291 

$206.71 

I ota)  cost  of  blacksmithing,  oil,  hauling,  and  machinist  in  charge  of  five  channelers  for  31  davs, 
$205.65. 


SHOWING  WORK  DONE  BY  I NGERSOLI.-SERGEA NT  CHANNELER 
NO.  1 ON  SECTION  8,  AND  THE  COST  OF  OPERATING  THE  SAME 
PER  DAY,  FOR  THE  MONTH  OF  MAY,  1894. 


HATE. 

SQ.  FT. 

RUN- 

NER. 

HELP- 

ER 

FIRE- 

MAN. 

COAL. 

TOTAL. 

T 

x35 

$3.00 

$1.50 

$1.75 

$5.00 

$11. *5 

2 

x33 

3.00 

1.50 

x-75 

5-oo 

11.25 

3 

149 

2. 10 

1.05 

1.20 

2.30 

6.85 

4 

180 

3.00 

T.50 

x*75 

2.50 

8.75 

5 

_ "3 

3.00 

1.50 

x*  75 

2.50 

8.75 

6 

Sunday 

.87 

.87 

7 

170 

3 °° 

1.50 

'■75 

2.50 

8.75 

8 

150 

3.00 

1.50 

'•75 

5.00 

11.25 

9 

200 

3.00 

1.50 

1 *75 

2.50 

8.75 

10 

150 

2.70 

x*35 

>58 

2.50 

8.13 

11 

150 

3.00 

1.50 

x-75 

2.50 

8.75 

12 

220 

3.00 

I*5° 

x-75 

2.50 

8.75 

13 

Sunday 

.87 

.87 

M 

125 

3.00 

1.50 

'75 

2.50 

8-75 

15 

200 

3-c° 

1.50 

'•75 

2.50 

8.75 

16 

150 

3.00 

1.50 

x-75 

5.00 

11.25 

17 

IOO 

1.50 

•75 

•87 

2.50 

5.62 

18 

75 

3.00 

1.50 

x-75 

2.50 

8-75 

19 

Sunday 

3.00 

•75 

1.20 

4-95 

20 

1.80 

.90 

.87 

3-57 

21 

x75 

3.00 

1.50 

'•75 

2.50 

8-75 

22 

IOO 

3.00 

1.50 

x-75 

7-50 

'3-75 

23 

180 

3.00 

1.50 

x*75 

6.25 

24 

200 

3.00 

1.50 

'•75 

5.00 

11.25 

25 

175 

3.00 

1.50 

x-75 

2.50 

8-75 

26 

200 

3.00 

1.50 

1-75 

2.50 

8.75 

27 

Sunday 

.87 

.87 

28 

170 

3.00 

1.50 

'•75 

2.50 

8-75 

29 

125 

3.00 

1.50 

x*75 

2.50 

8.75 

30 

150 

3.00 

1.50 

i. 75 

2.50 

8.75 

31 

M5 

3 oo 

1.50 

x*75 

2.50 

8-75 

Total 

4,020 

$80.10 

S39.30 

$48.58 

$80.00  . 

$247.98 

30 


Cost  for  blacksmithing,  oil,  hauling,  and  machinist  in  charge, 
$43-'3- 


Completed  Rock  Cut. — Lidgerwood  Traveling  Cableway,  Section  S. 


Mason  & King,  Contractors. 


WAGES  PAID  ON  THE  CANAL. 

THE  LIBRARY  Of  THf 


The  average  wages  on  the  Drainage  Channel  are  as  follows  : 


JAN  14 1937 


Daily  Wages  : WlVERSlTY  Of  ILLINOIS 

Laborers  . 

$1.50 

to  $1.75 

Second  hookers 

$1.50 

Teamsters 

1.50 

“ 1 . 60 

Riggers  .... 

2.25 

Drillers  .... 

i-75 

“ 2.00 

Cableway  repairers 

2.25 

Trainmen 

1-75 

“ 2.00 

Machinists  ..... 

2.00  tO 

$2.50 

Firemen  .... 

1.75 

Carpenters  .... 

2.00  “ 

2.25 

Cbannelers 

2.50 

“ 3- 00 

Blacksmiths  . . . . 

2.50  “ 

3.00 

First  lever  men 

2.20 

Boilermakers  .... 

3.50 

Second  lever  men 

1.50 

Stonemasons  . . . . 

3.5O  “ 

4.00 

First  hookers 

i-75 

Monthly 

Wages  : 

Superintendents 

$100.00  to 

$150.00 

Electricians  .... 

O 

O 

1 n 
r ^ 

$90.00 

Timekeepers 

50.00  “ 

100.00 

Civil  engineers 

90.  OO  ‘ ‘ 

100.00 

Bookkeepers  and  clerks 

60. 00  ‘ 

125.00 

Steam  shovel  engineers 

I25.OO 

Foremen  .... 

60.00  “ 

80. 00 

Crane  men  .... 

90.  OO  1 ‘ 

100.00 

Engineers  and  pumpmen 

50.00  “ 

80.00 

These  figures  show  that  various  kinds  of  skill  are  paid  different  rates  of  wages,  and  the  skilled  mechanics  are 
mostly  hired  by  the  month. 


32 


Offices  of  the  Ingersoll-Sergeant  Drill  Co 


CHICAGO,  Old  Colony  Building. 
CLEVELAND,  Ohio,  26  S.  Water  Street. 
BOSTON,  Mass.,  201  Congress  Street. 

ST.  LOUIS,  Mo.,  715  North  2d  Street. 
BIRMINGHAM,  Ala.,  1921  Powell  Street. 
DENVER,  Colo.,  1718  California  Street. 

SAN  FRANCISCO,  Cal.,  2 1 Fremont  Street. 


SALT  LAKE  CITY,  Utah,  259  Main  Street 
BUTTE,  Mont.,  300  Main  Street. 
MONTREAL,  Can.,  164  St.  James  Street. 
MEXICO,  Calle  de  Cadena,  No.  17. 

LONDON,  Eng.,  1 14a  Queen  Victoria  Street 
1 87  Clarence  Street. 

So.  Africa,  Box  1 S09. 


SYDNEY,  Aust. 
JOHANNESBURG 
VALPARAISO,  Chili. 


\ 

l 


Gaylord  Bros.  Inc. 

Makers 

I Syracuse,  N.  Y. 


